Unity3D 角色动画创建指南

Character Animation
角色动画
Unity Manual > User Guide > Creating Gameplay > Character Animation
Unity手册 > 使用指南 > 创建游戏 > 角色动画
Unity的动画系统允许你创建漂亮的动画角色.动画系统支持动画合成,混合,添加动画,步调周期时间同步,动画层,控制所有方面的动画回放(时间,速度,混合-偏重),网格面每个三角有1,2或4个骨骼,且完成基本的物理玩偶.
这里有一些最好的方法创建一个作弊的角色在Unity获得最好的展示.推荐你阅读下Modeling Optimized Characters页面上的教程。
制作一个动画角色需要2个东西;移动他在世界中和做相应的动作.
这个页面致力于动画.如果你想要学习更多关于移动角色的(为一个超级玛丽风格游戏或第一人称射击),查看Character Controller page.
If you like, quickly jump to one of the topics covered on this page:
Importing Character Animations
Animation Splitting
Multiple Files
Inverse Kinematics
Inserting Into a Unity Scene
Animating the Character
Animation Blending
Animation Layers
Additive Animation
你能在here下载演示动画角色设置的例子example demo。
输入动画

首先我们输入动画。Unity支持输入Maya (.mb or .ma)文件, Cinema 4D (.c4d)文件,和fbx文件,这些能输出为很多动画包.点击这里学习怎样输出模型/动画包export from your modelling/animation package.
Importing Animations using Animation Splitting
输出动画使用动画片段
最方便的制作动画的方法是使用单一的模型包含所有的动画.当输入动画模型,你能定义每部分动画的帧.Unity将自动把动画片段分成单个动作部分，名为动画片段Animation Clips.
For example:
walk animation during frames 1 - 33
run animation during frames 41 - 57
kick animation during frames 81 - 97
例如：
走路动画在帧1 -33
跑步动画在帧41 – 57
踢的动画在帧81 - 97

输入动画你可以直接放置他到工程里的Assets文件夹.Unity将自动输入他.突出显示他在工程视图和编辑输入设置在检视视图.

在输入设置, Split Animations表是告诉Unity你的资源文件的哪些帧是表示哪些动画片段的.你指定在这里的名字在你的游戏使用触发他们.

名字 定义Unity里动画片段的名字.
起始帧 动画的起始帧.帧数值和创建动画的3D程序使用相同的帧.
终止帧 动画的终止帧
循环帧如果激活,额外的循环帧插入到动画的最后.这个帧匹配片段的起始帧.如果你想要制作一个循环动画和起始&终止帧不是很准确的匹配时.

输入动画使用多个模型文件

另一个输入动画的方法是在动画名后面加@.你创建单独的模型文件和使用这种命名方法'模型名字'@'动画名字'.fbx
An example of four animation files for an animated character
有4个动画文件的动画角色例子
Unity automatically imports all four files and collects all animations to the file without the @ sign in. In the example above, the goober.mb file will be set up to reference idle, jump, walk and wallJump automatically.
Unity自动输入所有4个文件并收集所有动画到没有@标签的文件.在上面的例子里, goober.mb将自动建立空闲,跳跃,走路和翻墙的引用.
Importing Inverse Kinematics
输入反向运动
When importing animated characters from Maya that are created using IK, you have to check the Bake IK & simulation box in the Import Settings. Otherwise, your character will not animate correctly.
当输入动画角色使用Maya会创建使用IK,你可以检查Bake IK & simulation盒在输入设定.否则你的角色将不能正常运动.
Bringing the character into the Scene
放置角色到场景
When you have imported your model you drag the object from the Project view into the Scene View or Hierarchy.
当你输入模型后,拖拽物体从工程视图到场景视图或层次视图.
The animated character is added by dragging it into the scene
动画角色通过拖拽添加到场景
The character above has three animations in the animation list and no default animation. You can add more animations to the character by dragging animation clips from the Project View on to the character (in either the Hierarchy or Scene View). This will also set the default animation. When you hit Play, the default animation will be played.
上面角色的三个动作列表不是缺省动作.你能添加更多动画到角色通过在工程视图的角色中拖拽动画片段(到层次或场景视图).这也将设置缺省动画.当你按下运行,缺省动画将运行.
TIP: You can use this to quickly test if your animation plays back correctly. Also use the Wrap Mode to view different behaviors of the animation, especially looping.
技术:你能使用这个快速测试,如果你的动画重播正常.也可使用卷模式Wrap Mode观察不同的动画行为.特别是循环.
Animating the Character
使角色动起来
The actual animating of characters is done through Unity's scripting interface.
真实的角色动画使用Unity脚本接口执行.
Animation Blending
动画合成
In today's games, animation blending is an essential feature to ensure that characters have smooth animations. Animators create separate animations, e.g. a walk cycle, run cycle, idle animation or shoot animation. At any point in time in your game you need to be able to transition from the idle animation into the walk cycle and vice versa. Of course you don't want any sudden jumps in the motion, you want the animation to smoothly transition.
现在的游戏,动画合成是一个必不可少的特征为确保角色有平滑的动画.动画师创建单个动画,如走路循环,跑步循环,空闲动画或射击动画.有些时候你的游戏需要能转换空闲动画到走路循环或反之.当然你不想要在运动中有突然的跳跃,你想要动画平滑转换.
This is where animation blending comes in. In Unity you can have an arbitrary amount of animations playing on the same character. All animations are blended or added together to generate the final animation.
这就是动画合成到来的原因.在Unity你能在同一个角色身上有任意多个动画播放.所有的动画合成或添加到一起产生最终动画.
Our first step will be to make a character smoothly blend between the idle and walk animations. In order to make our job simpler when scripting, we will first set the Wrap Mode of the animation to Loop. Then we will turn off Play Automatically to make sure our script is the only one playing animations.
我们的第一步是使角色平稳合成空闲和走路动画.为了做这个我们使用简单的脚本,我们首先设置卷模式Wrap Mode的动画循环Loop.接着我们关闭自动播放使我们的脚本只有一个正在演奏的动画.
Our first script for animating the character is quite simple; we only need some way to detect how fast our character is moving, and then fade between walk and idle animation. For this simple test we use the pre-setup input axes.
我们的第一个角色动画脚本十分简单;我们值需要一些方法知道我们的动画运行的速度,再减退走路和空闲动画.为了这个简单的测试我们使用pre-setup输入轴.
function Update ()
{
if (Input.GetAxis("Vertical") > 0.2)
animation.CrossFade ("walk");
else
animation.CrossFade ("idle");
}
To get this script running:
使这个脚本运行:
1. Create a javascript using Assets->Create Other->Javascript.
2. Copy & Paste the code into it
3. Drag the script onto the character (It needs to be the same GameObject as the animation)
1. 创建javascript使用Assets->Create Other->Javascript.
2. 复制粘贴代码进入
3. 拖拽脚本到角色(需要有一个同样动画的GameObject)
When you hit the Play button, the character will start walking in place when you hold the up arrow key and return to the idle pose when you release it.
当你按下运行按钮,且按下向上键角色将开始走路,释放他又回到空闲状态.
Animation Layers
动画层次
Layers are an incredibly useful concept that allow you to group animations and prioritize weighting.
In Unity's animation system, you can blend between as many animation clips as you want. You can assign blend weights manually or simply use animation.CrossFade(), which will animate the weight automatically.
层次是一个令人惊讶的使用观念,允许你分组动画和区分权重.在Unity动画系统,你能混合你想要的任意多的动画片段.你能指定混合权重手动或简单的使用animation.CrossFade(),这是动画的自动权重.
Blend weights are always normalized before being applied
混合权重总是正常的在应用之前
Let's say you have a walk cycle and a run cycle, both have a weight of 1 (100%). When Unity generates the final animation it will normalize the weights, which means walk will contribute 50% to the animation, the run cycle will also contribute 50%.
我们假定你有一个走路循环和一个跑步循环,每个都有权重为1(100%).当Unity产生最终动画他将恢复正常权重,意思是走路贡献为50%动画,跑步也贡献50%.
This is all very nice, but often you want to prioritize which animation receives most weight when there are two animations playing. Surely you could just make sure that the weight sums up to 100% manually, but it is a lot easier to use layers for this purpose.
这很好,但是有时你想要区分2个同时演奏的动画那一个有更多的权重.当然你要确保权重之和为100%,但是他使用层次可以很容易的达到这个目的.
Layering Example
层次例子
As an example, you might have a shoot animation, an idle and a walk cycle. You will want to continously fade between the walk and idle animation based on the player's speed. But when the player shoots you want to only show the shoot animation. Thus the shoot animation essentially has a higher priority.
一个例子,你可能有一个射击动画,一个空闲和走路循环.你将想要基于玩家的速度逐渐褪去走路和空闲的动画.但是当玩家开火你想要值展示开火动画.因此开火动画本质上有更高的权力.
The easiest way to do this is to simply keep playing the walk and idle animations while shooting. Then we need to make sure that the shoot animation is in a higher layer than idle and walk. This means the shoot animation will receive blend weights first. The walk and idle animation will receive weights only if the shoot animation doesn't use all of the 100% blend weights. So when CrossFading the shoot animation in, the weight will start out at zero and over a short period become 100%. In the beginning the walk and idle layer will still receive blend weights but when the shoot animation is completely faded in, they will receive no weights at all. This is exactly what we need!
简单的方法是保持走路和空闲动画在开火时.这样我们需要使开火的动画层次高于空闲和走路.意思是射击动画将有最高权重.走路和空闲动画只有在射击动画不使用100%混合权重使才能接收权重.所有当射击动画在CrossFading里,权重将从0开始一会到达100%.开始时走路和空闲层次将任然接收混合权重,知道射击动画完成逐渐增强,他们将不接收权重.我们需要严格执行!
function Start ()
{
// Set all animations to loop设置所有动画为循环状态
animation.wrapMode = WrapMode.Loop;
// except shooting除了射击
animation["shoot"].wrapMode = WrapMode.Once;
// Put idle and walk into lower layers (The default layer is always 0)放置空闲和走路到底层次(缺省为0)
// This will do two things这里做2件事
// Since shoot and idle/walk are in different layers they will not affect射击和空闲/走路在不同层次没影响
// each other's playback when calling CrossFade.当呼叫CrossFade重放每个
// Since shoot is in a higher layer, the animation will replace idle/walk射击在高层次,他取代空闲和走路
// animations when faded in.动画将逐渐增强
animation["shoot"].layer = 1;
// Stop animations that are already playing停止动画确实在演奏时
//(In case user forgot to disable play automatically)别忘了关闭自动播放
animation.Stop();
}
function Update () {
// Based on the key that is pressed,基于按下键
// play the walk animation or the idle animation演奏走路或空闲动画
if (Mathf.Abs(Input.GetAxis("Vertical")) > 0.1)
animation.CrossFade("walk");
else
animation.CrossFade("idle");
// Shoot射击
if (Input.GetButtonDown ("Fire1"))
animation.CrossFade("shoot");
}
By default the animation.Play() and animation.CrossFade() will stop or fade out animations that are in the same layer. This is exactly what we want in most cases. In our shoot, idle, run example, playing idle and run will not affect the shoot animation and vice versa (you can change this behaviour with an optional parameter to animation.CrossFade if you like).
缺省的animation.Play()和animation.CrossFade() 将停止或减弱动画在相同的层次.你想要避免这是严格的.在我们的射击,空闲,跑步例子,演奏空闲和跑步将不影响射击动画反之也可以(你可以改变行为通过设置一个参数给animation.CrossFade如果你想).
Additive Animations and Animation Mixing
添加动画和动画混合
Additive Animations and Animation mixing allow you to cut down on the number of animations you have to create for your game, and are important for creating facial animations.
添加动画和动画混合允许你减少你创建的游戏的动画数量,且很重要的创建面部动画.
Let's say you want to create a character that leans to the sides when running and turning.
我们假设你想要创建一个角色倾向一边当跑步和转弯时.
You already made a walk and run cycle, now you could make individual walk-lean-left, walk-lean-right, run-lean-left, run-lean-right animations.
你已经有了走路和跑步循环,现在你要制作单独的左倾向走,右倾向走,左倾向跑,右倾向跑动画.
But that means you just quadrupled the amount of animation work! Creating a huge amount of animations is not feasiable. Additive animations and Mixing to the rescue!
但是这样意味着你有翻倍数量的动画工作!创建一个庞大的动画数量不是可取的.添加动画和混合能解决!
Additive Animation Example
添加动画例子
Additive animations allow you to overlay the effects of animation on top of any others that may be playing. When making additive animations, Unity will calculate the difference between the first frame in the animation clip and the current frame. Then it will apply this difference on top of all other playing animations.
添加动画允许你覆盖动画效果到另一个之上演奏.当使用添加动画,Unity将计算动画片段的第一帧和现在帧的不同.接着他将应用这种不同到所有其他动画上.
Now you only have to make a lean-left and lean-right animation. Unity will then layer this animation on top of the walk, idle or run cycle.
现在你值有偏左和偏右动画.Unity将放置这个动画层次高于走路,空闲或跑步循环.
Here is the code to make that happen:
这是制造这些的代码:
private var leanLeft : AnimationState;
private var leanRight : AnimationState;
function Start ()
{
leanLeft = animation["leanLeft"];
leanRight = animation["leanRight"];
// Put the leaning animation in a seperate layer设置偏向动画在指定层
// So that other calls to CrossFade won't affect it.所有呼叫CrossFade不会影响他
leanLeft.layer = 10;
leanRight.layer = 10;
// Set the lean animation to be additive设置偏向动画为添加物
leanLeft.blendMode = AnimationBlendMode.Additive;
leanRight.blendMode = AnimationBlendMode.Additive;
// Set the lean animation ClampForever设置偏向动画ClampForever
// With ClampForever animation's will not automatically设置ClampForever动画不自动播放
// stop when reaching the end of the clip停止当到片段最后
leanLeft.wrapMode = WrapMode.ClampForever;
leanRight.wrapMode = WrapMode.ClampForever;
// Enable the animation and fade it in completely激活动画和逐渐增强到完全
// We don't use animation.Play here because we manually adjust the time我们不使用animation.Play因为要手动调整时间
// in the Update function.在Update函数里
// Instead we just enable the animation and set it to full weight替代我们激活的动画和设置他为完全权重
leanRight.enabled = true;
leanLeft.enabled = true;
leanRight.weight = 1.0;
leanLeft.weight = 1.0;
// For testing just play run animation and loop it尝试运行动画和循环他
animation["walk"].wrapMode = WrapMode.Loop;
animation.Play("walk");
}
// Every frame just set the normalized time每帧设置为正常时间
// based on how much lean we want to apply基于我们要应用的偏向有多少
function Update ()
{
var lean = Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
// normalizedTime is 0 at the first frame and 1 at the last frame in the clip 。normalizedTime在片段的第一帧为0和在最后帧为1
leanLeft.normalizedTime = -lean;
leanRight.normalizedTime = lean;
}
Tip: When using Additive animations it is critical that you are also playing some other non-additive animation on every transform that is also used in the additive animation, otherwise the animations will add on top of the last frame's result. This is most certainly not what you want.
建议:当使用添加动画,关键是你既要使用没有添加动画在每个改变,又要使用添加动画,不同的是动画将在最后帧的结果上.这必然不是你想要的.
Procedurally animating characters
程序控制动画角色
Sometimes you want to animate the bones of your character procedurally. For example you might want the head of your character to look at a specific point in 3D space. This is best done with a script. Fortunately, Unity makes this very easy. In Unity all bones are just Transforms which drive the skinned mesh. Thus you can script bones of a character just like any other GameObject.
有时你想要拉动你的角色骨骼通过程序.例如你可能想要你的角色的头看向3D空间的某点.这用脚本很好解决.幸好,Unity做这个很简单.在Unity所有的骨骼是改变驱使表皮网格.因此你能脚本骨骼角色,像其他游戏物体一样.
One important thing to know is that the animation system updates the Transforms after the Update() function and before the LateUpdate() function is called. Thus if you want to do a LookAt() function you should do that in LateUpdate() to make sure that you are really overriding the animation.
要知道的一个很重要的事情是动画系统是在Update()函数之后更新改变,和在LateUpdate()函数之前被呼叫.因此如果你想要使用LookAt()函数,你要让他在LateUpdate()里面,以确保你的动画确实高于一切.
Ragdolls are created in the same way. You simply have to attach Rigidbodies, Character Joints and Capsule Colliders to the different bones. This will then physically animate your skinned character.
玩偶被创建有相同的方式.你直接附上刚体,角色联合和碰撞仓给不同的骨骼.这将为身体动画你的表皮角色.
Animation Class, inherits from Behaviour, IEnumerable
Scripting > Runtime Classes > Animation
The animation component is used to play back animations.
You can assign animation clips to the animation component and control playback from your script.
The animation system in Unity is weight based and supports: Animation Blending, Additive animations, Animation Mixing, Layers and full control over all aspects of animation playback.
For an overview of Character Animation please read this introduction.
To play a simple animation use Animation.Play
To cross-fade between animations use Animation.CrossFade
To change the layer of an animation use AnimationState.layer
To change how animations wrap (Loop, Once, PingPong) use Animation.wrapMode or AnimationState.wrapMode
AnimationState can be used to modify playback speed and for direct control over blending and mixing.
Animation also supports enumerators so you can loop through all AnimationStates like this:
// Make all animations in this character
play at half speed
for (var state : AnimationState in animation) {
state.speed = 0.5;
}
See Also: An overview of Character animation in unity is here.
Variables
clip
The default animation.
playAutomatically
Should the default animation clip (Animation.clip) automatically start playing on startup.
wrapMode
How should time beyond the playback range of the clip be treated?
isPlaying
Are we playing any animations?
this [string name]
Returns the animation state named name.
animatePhysics
When turned on, animations will be executed in the physics loop. This is only useful in conjunction with kinematic rigidbodies.
Functions
Stop
Stops all playing animations that were started with this Animation.
Rewind
Rewinds the animation named name.
Sample
Samples animations at the current state.
IsPlaying
Is the animation named name playing?
Play
Plays the default animation. The animation will be played abruptly without any blending.
CrossFade
Fades the animation with name animation in over a period of time seconds and fades other animations out.
Blend
Blends the animation named animation towards targetWeight over the next time seconds.
CrossFadeQueued
Cross fades an animation after previous animations has finished playing.
PlayQueued
Plays an animation after previous animations has finished playing.
AddClip
Adds a clip to the animation with name newName.
RemoveClip
Remove clip from the animation list.
GetClipCount
Get the number of clips currently assigned to this animation
SyncLayer
Synchronizes playback speed of all animations in the layer.
Inherited members
Inherited Variables
enabled
Enabled Behaviours are Updated, disabled Behaviours are not.
transform
The Transform attached to this GameObject (null if there is none attached).
rigidbody
The Rigidbody attached to this GameObject (null if there is none attached).
camera
The Camera attached to this GameObject (null if there is none attached).
light
The Light attached to this GameObject (null if there is none attached).
animation
The Animation attached to this GameObject (null if there is none attached).
constantForce
The ConstantForce attached to this GameObject (null if there is none attached).
renderer
The Renderer attached to this GameObject (null if there is none attached).
audio
The AudioSource attached to this GameObject (null if there is none attached).
guiText
The GUIText attached to this GameObject (null if there is none attached).
networkView
The NetworkView attached to this GameObject (Read Only). (null if there is none attached)
guiTexture
The GUITexture attached to this GameObject (Read Only). (null if there is none attached)
collider
The Collider attached to this GameObject (null if there is none attached).
hingeJoint
The HingeJoint attached to this GameObject (null if there is none attached).
particleEmitter
The ParticleEmitter attached to this GameObject (null if there is none attached).
gameObject
The game object this component is attached to. A component is always attached to a game object.
tag
The tag of this game object.
name
The name of the object.
hideFlags
Should the object be hidden, saved with the scene or modifyable by the user?
Inherited Functions
GetComponent
Returns the component of Type type if the game object has one attached, null if it doesn't.
GetComponentInChildren
Returns the component of Type type in the GameObject or any of its children using depth first search.
GetComponentsInChildren
Returns all components of Type type in the GameObject or any of its children.
GetComponents
Returns all components of Type type in the GameObject.
CompareTag
Is this game object tagged tag?
SendMessageUpwards
Calls the method named methodName on every MonoBehaviour in this game object and on every ancestor of the behaviour
SendMessage
Calls the method named methodName on every MonoBehaviour in this game object.
BroadcastMessage
Calls the method named methodName on every MonoBehaviour in this game object or any of its children.
GetInstanceID
Returns the instance id of the object.
Inherited Class Functions
operator bool
Does the object exist?
Instantiate
Clones the object original and returns the clone.
Destroy
Removes a gameobject, component or asset.
DestroyImmediate
Destroys the object obj immediately. It is strongly recommended to use Destroy instead.
FindObjectsOfType
Returns a list of all active loaded objects of Type type.
FindObjectOfType
Returns the first active loaded object of Type type.
operator ==
Compares if two objects refer to the same
operator !=
Compares if two objects refer to a different object
DontDestroyOnLoad
Makes the object target not be destroyed automatically when loading a new scene.

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